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Battle of Fei River
The Battle of Fei River or “Feishui” () was a battle in 383, where Fu Jiān () of the Di Former Qin Empire was decisively defeated by the numerically inferior Jin (Han Chinese-lead) army of Eastern Jin. (The location of the battle, the Fei River, no longer exists, but is believed to have flowed through modern Lu'an, Anhui, near the Huai River).〔Bo Yang, ''Bo Yang Edition of the ''Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 26.〕 The battle is considered to be one of the most significant battles in the history of China.〔Bo Yang, ''Summaries of the History of the Chinese People'' (中國人史綱, ''Zhongguoren Shigang''), vol. 1, chp. 17.〕 The aftermath of the battle includes the Former Qin empire falling into massive civil war and its eventual destruction, ensuring the survival of Eastern Jin and other Chinese regimes south of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang).〔
== Background ==
The state of Former Qin, led by ethnic Di (氐) tribesmen,〔 rose rapidly from a string of successes in the 350s. Fu Jiān, nephew of the founder Fu Jiàn, was a vigorous leader of tremendous drive and ambition.〔 In 370 he conquered the state of Former Yan and in 373 seized modern Sichuan and Chongqing from Jin. In 379 the strategically important city of Xiangyang, gateway to the Middle Yangtze, fell to Qin. By 381 he had conquered all of north China and was preparing for an invasion of the south.〔''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 104.〕〔''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 105.〕
In May 383 a Jin army of 100,000 commanded by Huan Chong attempted to recover Xiangyang but was driven off by a Qin relief column of 50,000 men.〔''Zizhi Tongjian''.〕 In response, Fu Jiān ordered a general mobilization against Jin: 6 of every 10 able-bodied men were conscripted, and 30,000 elite guards (羽林郎) were gathered. In August 383 Fu Jiān sent his brother, Fu Rong, the Duke of Yangping (who had opposed the campaign), with an army of 300,000 as the advance force. Later that month Fu Jiān marched with his army of 270,000 cavalry and 600,000 infantry from Chang'an.〔 In September Fu Jiān reached Xiangcheng. Separate columns were to push downstream from Sichuan, but the main offensive would occur against the city of Shouchun on the Huai River. Emperor Xiaowu of Jin hurriedly made preparations for defense. He gave Huan Chong responsibility for the defense of the Middle Yangzi. The pressing defense of the Huai River was given to Xie Shi (謝石) and Xie Xuan (謝玄) and the elite 80,000-strong Beifu Army (北府兵).〔 Prime Minister Xie An oversaw overall strategy and, while he lacked military abilities, he calmed the panicking officials and people by himself acting in a calming manner.〔〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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